NRR Project: 'Goodnight, Irene" (1932)

 

NRR Project: ‘Goodnight, Irene’

Music and lyrics by unknown

Performed by Lead Belly

Recorded 1933

This sweet, plaintive song is an American classic – but it didn’t become a hit until the man who made its definite version was dead.

Huddie William Ledbetter, aka Lead Belly, had a difficult life, full of criminal behavior. He spent many years in prison, and in fact was “discovered” by folklorist John Lomax in 1933 while serving time in Louisiana’s Angola Penitentiary. He was an encyclopedia of songs – blues, folk tunes, gospel songs, children’s game songs . . . something for every kind of function, as was normal at the time for a versatile traveling musician.

Lomax recorded him, and pursued a pardon for “the singing convict” from the governor, which was obtained. Lead Belly then began 16 years of touring, recording, and performing, finding the greatest interest from those into folk music. Two years after his death, the folk group the Weavers had a massive hit with their cover of “Goodnight, Irene.”

The song is a gentle lament in three-quarter time. “I asked your mother for you/She told me that you was too young/I wish dear Lord I’d never seen your face/I’m sorry you were ever born,” says the first verse. Despite the vehemence of the feeling expressed, the singer goes back on his thoughts immediately and sadly declares, “Goodnight, Irene/I’ll see you in my dreams.”

It is difficult to define the origin of the song. Christopher Lornell, in his excellent explanatory essay, does an amazing amount of detective work in tracing the song back to its origins. Lead Belly got the song from his uncle. Where did he get it from? There is evidence that the song was originally a Victorian parlor song, the words and structure of which mutated over the decades, until the song finally assumed its most familiar shape. (The same melody graces the gospel song “If It Had Not Been for Jesus,” recorded in 1930 by Blind Willie Johnson.)

Lead Belly produced a large body of work in a short time, leaving a number of memoriaable songs, such as “Midnight Special,” “Cotton Fields,” and “In the Pines.” Artists such as Bob Dylan, George Harrison, And Van Morrison have cited him as an influence. He had the touch.

The National Recording Registry Project tracks one writer’s expedition through all the recordings in the National Recording Registry in chronological order. Next up: Stormy Weather.

NRR Project: FDR - Speeches and Fireside Chats (1932-1945)

 

NRR Project: Complete Presidential Speeches, Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932-1945) and

Fireside Chats, Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1944)

Franklin Delano Roosevelt was a phenomenon. Creative, forceful, and patient, he guided America through 13 years of turmoil – the Great Depression and World War II – as the 32^nd President of the United States. The country rarely had so strong and dynamic a figure to look up to, and due to his actions he became one of the era’s great leaders.

He set up many of the social welfare agencies, including Social Security; he set up the Securities and Exchange Commission and many other agencies as well. He created jobs through government work projects, and through those jobs improved vast areas of America’s infrastructure, as well as contributing to the culture. And his resolute defiance of fascism helped to insure the Allies’ defeat of the Nazis and their ilk.

A large part of his popularity with the general public (Republicans and news editorial boards hated him) was due to his ability to communicate. In dozens of speeches, he eloquently and simply put forward the progressive proposals he had for America, and he reassured a worried public about the strength of the economy as well. Instead of hiding behind official pronouncements, he went frequently to the radio, his favorite medium, as a way to inform and influence the general listener (he began using radio as the governor of New York).

His “Fireside Chats” are particularly memorable. (They are so-called because his second chat took place next to a blazing fire.) Rather than avoid the issues, or to make pleasant double-talk, Roosevelt in his broadcasts would develop and expound upon one issue at a time, patiently explicating his thinking and making a case for the reforms he knew would transform society.

His familiar voice was listened to by millions – he was carried on all the networks. The more than two dozen chats he initiated became welcome in all manner of homes. People listened to and trusted him – a reality that does not exist with today’s politicians.

Was Roosevelt a visionary or a would-be dictator? No matter where the verdict of history places him, he remained an immense source of inspiration for the Greatest Generation. You can find out more information here and here.

The National Recording Registry Project tracks one writer’s expedition through all the recordings in the National Recording Registry in chronological order. Next up: Goodnight, Irene.

NRR Project: 'Voices from the Days of Slavery' (1932-1975)

 

NRR Project: ‘Voices from the Days of Slavery’

American Folklife Center

1932-1975

Another academic entry, but one that is still compelling. The American Folklife Center collected 24 recordings of the testimony of people who were slaves, recorded primarily through the years of 1932 to 1941. These interviews, some of which can be sampled online, are of variable audio quality. The Center transcribed the interviews as well, to overcome the limitations of the sound recordings included. You can listen to some here, and you can read the excellent explanatory essay by Ann Hoog here.

The National Recording Registry Project tracks one writer’s expedition through all the recordings in the National Recording Registry in chronological order. Next up: FDR’s speeches.

NRR Project: 'Show Boat' (1932 album)

 

NRR Project: ‘Show Boat’

Music by Jerome Kern; Book and lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II

Performed by the cast of the 1932 revival

Show Boat started a revolution in musical theater. Until it premiered, musicals were scattershot affairs – loose collections of sketches and songs, or light-hearted fluff and farce, or operettas set in imaginary European kingdoms. With the creation of Show Boat, a musical with three-dimensional characters and a serious plot, the musical grew up.

It didn’t hurt that some of America’s most enduring ballads are studded throughout the work. “Bill,” “Can’t Help Lovin’ That Man of Mine,” “Make Believe,” “You Are Love,” and of course the iconic “Ol’ Man River – all are classics that continue to be performed today by jazz and cabaret artists. The songs all serve to advance the plot, and stand on their own as well, as all catchy tunes should.

The musical was adapted from a 1926 novel by the best-selling author Edna Ferber. It’s an epic story that plays out between 1887 and 1927, from the banks of the Mississippi to the theaters of New York City, encompassing the evolution of American music from old-time sentimental ballads through bluesy torch songs and on to jazzy standards. Kern had plenty of practice as a songsmith – he’d already been in the business for 20 years, and had cranked out 16 musicals between 1915 and 1920. Hammerstein was similarly experienced.

The story involves the steamboat Cotton Blossom, which serves as a floating, traveling theater along the banks of the Mississippi River. Its owners, Cap’n Andy and Parthy, have a daughter, Magnolia. When it revealed that the show’s leading lady, Julie, is of mixed race, she is forced to leave the show boat. Her role is taken over by Magnolia, who acts opposite the charming gambler Gaylord Ravenal.

Magnolia and Gaylord end up together and have a daughter, but, impoverished and ashamed, Gaylord leaves the two of them. Magnolia goes on to be a successful singer in a club thanks to the selfless sacrifice of Julie. Twenty years later, Magnolia and Gaylord are reunited at their daughter’s Broadway debut.

The musical was the first to deal with racism, and has been accused of a kind of racism itself. While the “n-word” is bandied about freely in the original script, later times have caused alternations to accommodate better sensibilities. It deals frankly with the scourges of the time: the segregation of black and white populations, the inability of a mixed-race person to be thought of as little better than an animal. No one had tried to seriously engage these thorny issues on stage before. Merely the act of having black and white performers on stage together was seen as the breaking of a taboo.

The recording is interesting, as is the comprehensive and explanatory essay by Todd Decker, which you canread here. The cast is that of the first Broadway revival of the musical, in 1932. It features eight musical pieces, six songs and two medleys. Interestingly, the arrangements are unique to the recording, not taken from the score of the musical.

Of particular merit are the performances of Helen Morgan and Paul Robeson. Morgan, a well-known torch singer, was the original Julie, and her renditions of “Bill” and “Can’t Help . . .” are iconic – musically superior and heart-rending. And, of course, Robeson is purely and magnetically Robeson in the role he originated in the London production, a role no one else could play to satisfaction. (An unnamed baritone reprises “Ol’ Man River” in the Finale, and it is obvious not Robeson.)

This became his signature song, one he would reprise with more hopeful lyrics throughout his career. It’s the best remembered song from a history-making production.

The National Recording Registry Project tracks one writer’s expedition through all the recordings in the National Recording Registry in chronological order. Next up: Voices from the Days of Slavery.

NRR Project: Rosina Cohen oral narrative from the Lorenzo D. Turner Collection

 

NRR Project: Rosina Cohen oral narrative from the Lorenzo D. Turner Collection

Recorded by Lorenzo D. Turner

1932

This is an academic entry, none of which can be accessed online. The recording is merely a representative piece of an enormous study composed of interviews, stories, and songs in the Gullah dialect by Dr. Turner, who discovered Gullah speakers quite by accident and then took an immense interest in their language and culture.

The Gullah is a distinct African American subgroup, whose members live along the Eastern Atlantic seaboard between North Carolina and Florida. Due to their relative isolation from mainstream culture, they retained many African words and mean of expression, all of which Dr. Turner studied thoroughly. His work on their language and culture is still referred to today.

For a more complete picture of the entry, please refer to the excellent explanatory essay by Alcione M. Amos, which can be found here.

The National Recording Registry Project tracks one writer’s expedition through all the recordings in the National Recording Registry in chronological order. Next up: Show Boat.

 

 

NRR Project: 'Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?' (1932)

 

NRR Project: ‘Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?’

Music: Jay Gorney; Lyrics: E.Y. Harburg

Performed by Bing Crosby with Lenny Hayton and his Orchestra; 3:12

Performed by Rudy Vallee; 3:40

Recorded 1932

This song is truly what NPR declared to be “the anthem of the Great Depression.”

It first appeared in the October 1932 Broadway show Americana. It became a hit overnight, and by the end of the year both Bing Crosby and Rudy Vallee recorded it with great success – thus the double listing of performances.

The composer, Jay Gorney, born Abraham Jacob Gornetzky, was a refugee from Russia when he was 10. He is best remembered as the discoverer of Shirely Temple. “Brother”’s tune is based on a lullaby he heard as a child, a minor-key ballad that emphasizes the pathos expressed in the words. And what words! They tell a story, convey a complex mood, and serve as a call to action, all at the same time. They were the marvelous work of E.Y. Harburg.

 They used to tell me I was building a dream,

And so I followed the mob,

When there was earth to plow,

Or guns to bear, I was always there,

Right on the job.

They used to tell me I was building a dream,

With peace and glory ahead.

Why should I be standing in line

Just waiting for bread?

 

Once I built a railroad, I made it run, made it race against time.

Once I built a railroad; Now it's done.

Brother, can you spare a dime?

Once I built a tower up to the sun, brick and rivet and lime.

Once I built a tower, now it's done.

Brother, can you spare a dime?

 

Once in khaki suits, gee we looked swell,

Full of that Yankee Doodle dum.

Half a million boots went sloggin' through Hell,

And I was the kid with the drum!

 

Say don’t you remember?

They called me Al. It was Al all the time.

Why don't you remember?

I'm your pal.

Buddy, can you spare a dime?

In the aftermath of the Wall Street crash, various unrealistically cheery songs made their way into the popular consciousness – “Happy Days Are Here Again,” “On the Sunny Side of the Street,” Life Is Just a Bowl of Cherries.” “Brother” was different – it faces the overwhelming problem of having nothing to eat, outlining the singer’s recitation of his willing participation in the World War and business schemes, only to find no financial security at all.

The lyrics take advantage of past and present tense. “Once” the singer went to war, built things; now, he stands in the breadline. “Buddy, can you spare a dime?” is a roughly expressed plea, embarrassing and shamed. The words are few, well chosen, and powerful. “Made it race against time” is an implied lament that can’t be answered.

Lyricist Edgar Yipsel “Yip” Harburg was born Isidore Hochberg in New Tork, the son of immigrants. A boyhood friend of Ira Gershwin, he began to write light verse while he served as the co-owner of an appliance company. In the crash of 1929, he lost his company and turned to writing lyrics. After the “Brother” breakthrough, and after Harburg ran away with Gorney’s wife, he wrote the lyrics for such songs as “April in Paris,” “It’s Only a Paper Moon,” and “Over the Rainbow.”

Harburg and Gorney were socialists, and Harburg was especially militant in his beliefs, to the extent that he was blacklisted by Hollywood for his leftist views from 1951 to 1962. There is definitely an emphasis on the plight of the little guy here; in fact, many radio stations banned it, feeling it was too depressing for the general public.

Both the Bing Crosby and the Rudy Vallee performances of the songs are referenced here. Crosby’s version is more heartfelt and sorrowful, Vallee’s more upbeat, in strict 4/4 time, presented as an almost danceable tune. Vallee includes a spoken introduction, describing it as “A song that has taken its audiences by storm, which may be explained by its theme, which is both poignant and different.” It would be a long time before such hard-hitting material was heard again on the airwaves.

The National Recording Registry Project tracks one writer’s expedition through all the recordings in the National Recording Registry in chronological order. Next up: Rosina Cohen’s oral narrative.

NRR Project: Schnabel plays the Beethoven sonatas

 

NRR Project: Beethoven – Complete Sonatas

Performed by Artur Schnabel

Recorded 1931

I could not hope to surpass the explanatory essay written by James Irsay about this project – you canread it here.

Suffice it to say that, despite the severe technical limitations of the 78 rpm record, the HMV recording company sought to get well-off listeners to subscribe to a project that would commemorate a classical composer. This they did, with a complete recording of Beethoven’s 32 piano sonatas, all performed by Schnabel, then the pre-eminent pianist of his day.

Listening to those recordings, it is remarkable how lively and playful Schnabel’s interpretation is. He moves at times with blindingly fast tempi, but does not neglect to illuminate the music by maintaining a clear, open sound.

The success of Schnabel’s project meant that many other classical artists began to find satisfaction in recording huge swathes of the classical repertoire.

The National Recording Registry Project tracks one writer’s expedition through all the recordings in the National Recording Registry in chronological order. Next up: Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?

NRR Project: The Boswell Sisters sing 'It's the Girl' (1931)

NRR Project: ‘It’s the Girl’

Composed by David Oppenheim and Abel Baer

Performed by the Boswell Sisters with the Dorsey Brothers

Recorded July 8, 1931

3:16

Everybody remembers the singing trio the Andrews Sisters, but far fewer people know the group that inspired them, and countess other trios in the jazz era.

The Boswell Sisters, Martha, Connee, and Vet, grew up in New Orleans, where they were trained in classical music and exposed to contemporary music-making from both the white and Black populations of the area. The three started off performing together in vaudeville, then got noticed by the radio and recordings industries. Their repertoire soon consisted of jazz and popular songs styled as jazz. Their unique sound propelled them to popularity. Soon their unique harmonies were heard across the country.

What the Boswells were so good at was in arranging close-harmony tunes that really swung. Due to their musical prowess, they were able to rewrite and -arrange the tunes they were given to work with, turning them into streamlined ear candy that was undeniably catchy. (Some songwriters and some listeners didn’t enjoy this.) They chose and worked with some of the best instrumental accompanists of the day.

“It’s the Girl” is a typical Boswell treatment. (For comparison, listen to “When I Take My Sugar to Tea” and “The Object of My Affection.”) The opening I fast-paced, with swooping vocals, full stops, and untamed vocalizing moving in and among the melodic and harmonic lines. The song then slows down to a legato pace, letting the soloist style the bridge/intro. Then all three leap back in at double time, coming to a screeching halt at the song’s finish line.

The trio broke up in 1936. Connee would go on to have a notable solo career, but the heyday of the group was over. Fortunately, we have a decade of recordings of theirs to enjoy and analyze.

The National Recording Registry Project tracks one writer’s expedition through all the recordings in the National Recording Registry in chronological order. Next up: Arthur Schnabel plays the complete Beethoven piano sonatas.

NRR Project: Early stereo (1931)

NRR Project: Bell Laboratories experimental stereo recordings – Philadelphia Orchestra, Leopold Stowkowski, conductor (1931-1932)

Here is a highly technical entry into the series. To really understand it, to need to read the explanatory essay by Larry Huffman, which you can read here.

It seems that the desire for stereophonic sound came much earlier in the history of recording than is generally thought. Here we have an example of extensive research and experimentation with stereo recording. You can find some samples of the results of these recordings on line, and they certainly sound much closer to what we enjoy today than the old monoaural recordings of the period.

The National Recording Registry Project tracks one writer’s expedition through all the recordings in the National Recording Registry in chronological order. Next up: It’s the Girl.

 

NRR Project: Will Rogers speaks -- 'Bacon, Beans, and Limousines' (1931)

 

NRR Project: ‘Bacon, Beans, and Limousines’

Written and performed by Will Rogers

Broadcast October 18, 1931

10:35

One hundred years ago, the most popular entertainer in America was Will Rogers. Few people today know how pervasive his presence was. He dominated all media, including films, radio, newspapers, and the stage.

Rogers (1879-1935) is the American humorist best known for saying, “I never met a man I didn’t like,” which was not strictly true. (He was mean once to H. Allen Smith when Smith tried to interview him at Cheyenne Frontier Days. So there.) He was a cowboy philosopher, a fount of common sense during a crazy time in American history.

He was born in Oklahoma, and grew up on a ranch. He dropped out of school after the 10^th grade, and began performing as a rider and a trick roper in rodeos. Gradually, around 1905, he transitioned into vaudeville, where he spun his lariat and interjected jokes and observations if his trick didn’t come off. He started working in more prestigious New York shows. Soon his humorous remarks began to supersede the rope tricks, and he was making money as a comic monologist.

From that role he branched out into other disciplines. He appeared on Broadway. He made 48 silent films, and 21 sound features. He was a top box office draw. It was only natural that the government turned to him to broadcast on behalf of President Hoover’s Organization on Unemployment Relief. He stepped up to the microphone and delivered his take on the trouble he found America in.

It was during this address that he famously stated, “We’ll hold the distinction of being the only nation in the history of the world that ever went to the poor house in an automobile.” In his address, Rogers makes note of the unequal distribution of wealth, and argued for full employment (he was a Democrat). Such candor, couched in humor, had not been heard over the airwaves before, and it proved incredibly popular with the listening audience.

Rogers would continue to make his sharp and funny observations until he died tragically young in a plane crash in 1935.

The National Recording Registry Project tracks one writer’s expedition through all the recordings in the National Recording Registry in chronological order. Next up: Stokowski in stereo.

NRR Project: 'Minnie the Moocher' (1931)

NRR Project: ‘Minnie the Moocher’

Composed by Cab Calloway, Irving Mills, Clarence Gaskill

Performed by Cab Calloway and his Orchestra

Recorded March 3, 1931

3:00

It was the first record by an African-American to sell a million copies. It cemented the reputation and bolstered the career of the flamboyant and tuneful Cab Calloway.

Calloway (1907-1994) was one of the breakout stars of the Harlem Renaissance. He started off by working in Chicago clubs as a singer, a drummer, and a master of ceremonies. Eventually he moved to New York, where Louis Armstrong recommended him as a singer of “Ain’t Misbehavin’” in a musical revue. This caused another band to hire him on as bandleader.

As Cab Calloway and His Band, they soon got a highly desirable gig as the band at the Cotton Club when Duke Ellington was on tour. Soon, however, they had the job full time. Calloway was a relentlessly engaging performer – he had energy, inventiveness, charisma. Then, in 1931, he recorded his signature song, “Minnie the Moocher.”

The song is based on an earlier number, “Willie the Weeper,” about a drug-addicted chimney sweep that made its rounds in vaudeville in the early 1900’s. Calloway probably cribbed most directly from Frankie “Half-Pint” Jaxon’s 1927 recording of the song.

But Calloway turbocharged the material. He tells the story of Minnie the Moocher, a “low-down hoochy-coocher” with a boyfriend who was into cocaine, and who taught her “how to kick the gong around” (smoke opium). She takes drugs, and flies off to a world of fantasy. She meets the King of Sweden, who gives her everything “she was needin,’” setting her up with a home, a car, horses and fancy meals, and a million dollars in nickels and dimes. In doing so, he created a contemporary folk figure – many sequel and answer-songs on the topic were composed in the wake of this song’s success.

Perhaps the most infectious part of the song is the call-and-response chorus. “Hi-de-hi-de-hi,” sings Calloway, and everyone repeats him. "Ho-de-ho-de-ho!" Back and forth goes the melody. As the song continues, the choruses become longer and more complicated, until Calloway is scatting beyond the ability of the audience to keep up.

The song was the big hit of 1931. Soon Calloway was known as the “Hi-De-Ho Man.” He appeared in Betty Boop cartoons, singing the song. Calloway would perform for another 50 years, but “Minnie” was always on the set list. It is worth today to look up video of Calloway’s performances, to see his wild dancing and extravagant gestures. He was the quintessential showman.

The National Recording Registry Project tracks one writer’s expedition through all the recordings in the National Recording Registry in chronological order. Next up: Bacon, Beans and Limousines.

NRR Project: 'Suncook Town Tragedy' (1930)

NRR Project: ‘Suncook Town Tragedy’

Sung by Mabel Wilson Tatro

Recorded July 1930

2:12

Oh, boy, a murder ballad! Ever since I was overexposed to “Tom Dooley” as a child, they have been a favorite of mine.

Murder ballads are exactly that – songs that outline a ghastly, true crime and its inevitable punishment.

These kinds of songs have been around for hundreds of years, most of them organic creations by amateurs that wind up as enduring folk songs. “Knoxville Girl,” “Pretty Polly,” “Ballad of Little Romy” -- they serve as the sensationalistic billboards of the time, drawing in listeners riveted by their horrifying details.

Such is the case with “Suncook Town Tragedy,” which is based on an actual murder in 1875 New Hampshire. It’s sung here by Mabel Wilson Tatro, who relates it acapella. It tells of the story of the killing of a 17-year-old girl and of the criminal’s comeuppance afterward.

This excellent example of the genre was collected by Helen Hartness Flanders, a Vermonter who for 30 years, from 1930 to 1960, traveled across New England collecting songs and stories that otherwise would have been lost to memory. This NRR selection serves as an example of her findings, and commemorates the more than 4,000 recordings she preserved for mankind.

The National Recording Registry Project tracks one writer’s expedition through all the recordings in the National Recording Registry in chronological order. Next up: Minnie the Moocher.